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Shading is different than simply accusing someone of being mafia.

A player will casually or informally mention someone, making their posts looks scummy.
This is done either directly or indirectly, though most of the time the player will be distant.

Example


Shading is almost always a mafia tactic. It's scummy, basically.
Sometimes, it's easy to catch someone throwing shade, other times not so much since townies can also make a such a post.

If the game is closed setup and a player is analyzing it and backing up "evidences" to say facts about the set-up that players could never confirm unless they ask the mods, then it is modgaming.

Examples
Player A: "This role can do this, this, this and that because the host told me."
Player B: "This set-up definitely has 3 mafia because it is more balanced" <- though it is not necessarily modgaming but the player is putting their shoes as the host

Setupgaming, trying to figure out what the setup is and analysing what you know about the setup separately from the players, is not exclusively bad strategy, but it is very easy to get into wine. Some find it to be a fair strategy though the reliability of modgaming is usually NAI.

Behavior is important, mechanical analysis based solely on what is known is important, and then other factors come afterwards.

On the upside, it has distinct benefits for town or anti-town.
For either side, if you know about the mod's dislike or like for a particular role, you can interpret claims, you can falseclaim, and, in turn, you can gamesolve, more reliably.
For town, you can make a guess at what sort of roles scum might have. This is particularly relevant when the game has reveals, as the town can often say "Well the mod wouldn't put 2 of X role in the hands of scum."
For scum, this is actually harder and easier at the same time. On the one hand, it can make targets easier to choose, and it can help to guess at what roles town is hinting at. On the other hand, it can lead to some bad decisions, like killing a weak role with a nightkill rather than focusing on someone else, or having trouble finding a better role to claim because not as many roles mesh with your role out of things the mod would choose.
In terms of downside for town, it's so non-alignment indicative, and it can look like good analysis even when it isn't.

In game theory, many situations tend to favour Town at the beginning of a game (allowing them extra time to gain information) but push the odds overwhelmingly in favour of the Mafia in the endgame (allowing them to avoid a lynch and gain majority through the nightkill).

The following is a list of rules which can be found in previous games, ordered by frequency (most common first).

The host should decide and post the rules at the start of the game (or as early as the game-design phase).

There is an extreme case, where no one votes (i.e. an empty voting roster) or equivalently everyone chooses to abstain.
In theory, this creates a tie between all players (if behind the scenes vote manipulators do not secretly influence the voting), and as such, falls under the above set rules. However, a host may override the normal tie lynch rules and set specific rules for this extreme scenario (either to encourage voting or to prevent loopholes in a game's mechanics).

Welcome, [Player Name]. You are a Mafia Goon, along with your partner, [Player Name].

Abilities:
Factional communication: During the night phase you may talk with your partner here [QuickTopic link].
Factional kill: Each night phase, one of you or your partner may perform the factional kill.

Win condition:
You win when all members of the town have been eliminated or nothing can prevent this from occuring.

Welcome, [Player Name], you are a Vanilla Townie.

Abilities:
Your weapon is your vote, you have no night actions.

Win condition:
You win when all threats to the town have been eliminated.

They have been with us from the start, and now they have to go.

Jackrito, for all the dedication, love and attention you've put into the club since its creation, thank you. You've held on when it was rough, and you've held on even when you couldn't. You've led it, and made it a place we all come to love and we will never forget that.

Soren, you have meticulously put in a lot of effort to make the club better. You've made members feel welcomed and allowed us to find ourselves at our own pace, while keeping a cool vibe in the club. There hasn't been a side of MS that did not receive a touch of yourself, with each build of MS lies a touch of your dedication, and hard work.

Alice, our queen, our mother, our sister, our family. You've loved us and welcomed us from everywhere. You see good when we see bad, and made a place so comfy that we returned again and again. You were a terrific player, a great moderator and the best mentor anyone could ever hope for.

Every now and then life gets the best of us, and we will have to face it head on. We can't be there for you every step of the way, to our regret. Still we hope you're as fierce and tenacious as you face forward in life.
There will always be a place for you in MS. Tell us the stories of how you slice life with your swords, or maybe take a tea break with us sometimes and let us strengthen your weapons so you'd be ready to fight enemies again.

Will miss you always.
Our best wishes,
Mafia Society

A Kingmaker is a player who can influence a faction's win but unable to win himself. In many important instances, they decide which faction wins. In cases involving Survivors, a Kingmaker might be guaranteed to win, instead of incapable of winning.
Kingmaker are often associated with Dilemma scenarios such as:
(Assuming that the identities of scum players (or just townies) are known.)
An example of this in MS would be the endgame for The Ultimate Anime Showdown 2
where town Mkim was the decisive vote between two mafia of opposite faction.

Partial source: MafiaWiki

A Kingmaker game is another type of Mafia variant.
In this setup, players votes for a King each day, and "The King" gets to decide who they want lynched.
Therefore votes does not officially matter to decide on a lynch.

A Kingmaker play was recently added as an active ability in Mafia Senki game.

Partial source: MafiaWiki

Discord Hydra Basic Mafia
(Host: _Claire_ & Grapefruit21)
Won by Mafia ( logic340, AbuHumaid, MaiTai & The_Pyromaani )

Vengeful Dusk Maiden of Amnesia Mafia
(Host: Suzune-chan)
Won by Mafia ( Ruu & Crossbell )

Attack on Titan Mafia
(Host: Coelestin)
Won by Serial Killer ( Suzune-chan )

Mafia Senki
(Host: Kaitou & Ruu)
Won by Cults ( roz1roz, Arrisu, DenjaX & aa-dono )